A hygroscopic molecule (capable of absorbing water), naturally present in the skin, that helps support skin barrier function and enhance water binding capacity. For skincare, urea is synthesized in labs to be effective in treating dry, rough, and scaly skin conditions. It can act as a humectant, emollient and/or exfoliant depending on percentage of use and format.

Salicylic acid is a well studied BHA that exfoliates to encourage the shedding of top layer skin cells to help reveal younger and smoother looking skin. Used as a cosmetic ingredient as well as an OTC active for acne management.

An alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) found in many fruits that helps stimulate exfoliation by interfering with how your skin cells bond. Its function is beneficial in removing surface dull skin to reveal healthier-looking skin. As an humectant, it can also provide added hydration to the skin.